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The shoot apex and its histological organization, the root apical meristem, simple and complex
tissues.
UNIT III: Organs (6 Hours)

Structure of dicot and monocot stem, root and leaves, vascularisation of primary shoot in
monocotyledons and dicotyledons, formation of internodes,

UNIT IV: Secondary Growth (8 Hours)
Vascular cambium-structure and function, formation of secondary xylem, a general account to
wood structurein relation to conduction of water and minerals, characteristics of growth rings,
sapwood and heartwood, role of woody skeleton, secondary phloem structure- function
relationship, periderm. Secondary growth in root
UNIT V: Adaptive and Protective Systems (6 Hours)
Epidermis,cuticle and stomata, general account of adaptations in xerophytes and hydrophytes.

PRACTICAL (30 Hours)

1. Cycas- complete morphological features (coralloid roots, bulbil, leaf),
2. Cycas- anatomy t.s. coralloid root, t.s. rachis, v.s. leaflet, v.s.
microsporophyll,w.m.spores(temporaryslides),l.s.ovule,t.s.root(permanent slide).
3. Pinus-morphology (long and dwarf shoots, w.m. dwarf shoot, male and female), w.m. dwarf
shoot,
4. Pinus- Anatomy t.s. needle, t.s. stem,, l.s./t.s. male cone, w.m. microsporophyll, w.m.
microspores (temporary slides), l.s. female cone, t.l.s. & r.l.s. stem(permanent slide).
5. Anatomy of primary and secondary growth in monocots and dicots using hand sections ( or
prepared slides).

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A.(1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International (P) Ltd
2. Publishers, NewDelhi, India.
3. Dublish, P.K. & Agarwal, D.K.: An Introduction to Gymnosperms, Kedarnath
Ramnath,Meerut.
4. Esau, K. Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley, New York. 550 pp. 1977.
5. Ray, F.E. and S.E.Eichhorn. Esau‘s Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells and Tissues of the
Plant Body: their Structure, Function and Development. 3 rd Ed. Wiley-Lis. 624 pp. 2006.
6. Steeves, T.A. and I. M. Sussex. Patterns in Plant Development. 2 nd Ed. Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge. 408 pp. 1989.

Bot.221 Plant Systematics 3+1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

The primary objective of this course is:
 To provide the convenient method of identification of plants.
 To describe all the characteristics of the identified species.

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