Page 39 - CatalogNEP-LS

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Beck, C. E. (1985). Gymnosperm Phylogeny, Bot.Rev., 51: 176-294.
2. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International Limited,
New Delhi,
3. Sharma, O.P. ad Dixit, S. (2001). Gymnosperms. Pragati Prakashan, Meerut.
4. Bierhorst, D.W. (1971). Morphology of Vascular Plants, The Macmillan and Co., New
York,
5. Rothwell, G.W. (1985). The Role of Comparative Morphology and Anatomy in
Interpreting the Systematics of Fossil Gymnosperms, Bot.Rev., 51: 318-327.

Bot.423 Embryology 3+1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

The primary objective of this course is:
 To impart knowledge about various biological aspects of reproduction in Angiosperms like
structure of male and female Gametophyte, Palynology, Pollen-pistil interaction, Self
incompatibility, Apomixis, Fertilization, Endosperm, Embryo and Seed formation.
 To acquaint the students about the structure of various parts of flowers and pollination
mechanisms.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

This course will enable the students to understand:
 Students will able to differentiate reproductive organs at Morphological, Anatomical,
Physiological and Biochemical level.
 This knowledge will be help to apply in agriculture for reproduction of hybrids.
 The allergic problems in Humans can be justified on the basis of pollens.

THEORY (45 Hours)

UNIT-1: (5 Hours)
Introduction, History and scope. Flower: Structure and Development; Induction of Flowering,
Photoperiodism, Vernalization.
UNIT-2: (15 Hours)

Anther and Ovule, Anther wall: Structure and functions, microsporogenesis, callose deposition
and its significance. Microgametogenesis; Pollen wall structure,; Palynology and scope (a brief
account); Pollen wall proteins; Pollen viability, storage and germination; Abnormal features:
Pseudomonads, polyads, massulae, pollinia. Structure of the Ovule; Types; Special structures–
endothelium, obturator, aril, caruncle and hypostase; Female gametophyte– megasporogenesis
(monosporic, bisporic and tetrasporic) and megagametogenesis (details of Polygonum type);
Organization and ultrastructure of mature embryo sac.

UNIT-3: (15 Hours)
Pollination, fertilization and Seed Pollination types and significance; adaptations; structure of
stigma and style; path of pollen tube in pistil; double fertilization. Embryo Structure and types;
General pattern of development of dicot and monocot embryo and endosperm; Suspensor:

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