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2. David, M., Jonathan, B., David, R.B. and Ivan R. (2006). Immunology, VII Edition, Mosby,
Elsevier, Publication.
3. Abbas, K. Abul and Lechtman H. Andrew (2003.) Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Vth
Edition. Saunders Publication.
3. Immunology by J.P. Bellanti
4. Fundamentals of Immunology by W.E. Paul
5. Essential Immunology by J.M. Roitt
6. Immunology by E.S. Golub
7. Immunology by E. Benjamini, R. Coico and G. Sunshine

Zoo.412 Entomology 3+1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

The primary objective of this course is –
 To make student aware about the insects their classification and societies and also their
structure and economic importance.

LEARNING OUTCOME:

 To impart knowledge to students on ecological and physiological aspects of Insects, which
dominate in number among all living organisms.
 To make the students understand the adaptations of these animals to their environment and
theconcept of insect societies.

THEORY (45 Hours)

UNIT- I (15 Hours)

General features of insects. Distribution and success of insects on the earth; structure and
physiology of digestive and nervous systems, sensory receptors, and reproductive system. Insects
as mechanical and biological vectors, brief discussion on houseflies and mosquitoes as important
insect vectors.
UNIT- II (15 Hours)

Basis of insect classification; classification of insects up to orders, Salient features of different
orders of insects, Preservation techniques. Growth and metamorphosis. External features; head,
eyes, types of antennae. Mouth parts of insects with respect to their feeding habits. Thorax: wings
and wing articulation, types of Legs adapted to diverse habitat. Abdominal appendages.
UNIT- III (15 Hours)

Insect Societies: Origin of sociality in insects, Ant society with reference to general habits
including- caste system, nest construction, communication, brood care, thermoregulation,
swarming, feeding, foraging and defense.

PRACTICAL(30 Hours)

1. Study of one specimen from each insect order
2. Study of different kinds of antennae, legs and mouth parts of insects
3. Study of head and sclerites of any one insect
4. Study of insect wings and their venation.

50