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4. Ahluwalia, A.S., (Ed.) Phycology: Principles, Processes and Applications, Daya
Publishing House, New Delhi, 2003
5. Kumar, H.D., Introductory Phycology, East West Press, New Delhi, 1999

Bot.412 Bryology 3+1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

 To impart knowledge about Bryophytes on various aspects like Classification, structural
organization and developmental studies of gametophyte and sporophyte in various groups;
Ecology, Water relations, Chemistry, Cytology, Fossil bryophytes,
 To strengthen the knowledge of origin and evolution, Experimental studies, and Economic
Importance of Bryophytes.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

 The course will strengthen the concept that how the organ formation occurs in the early
land plants.
 The course will deal with Ecological and Economic Importance of bryophytes.
 The course will help to understand their role in ecosystem functioning

THEORY (45 Hours)

UNIT-I (10 Hours)
General characteristics of Bryophytes: systems of classification with salient features of
Anthcerotophyta, Marchantiophyta and Bryophyta. Structure and development of sex organs in
Bryophytes. Economic and ecological importance of Bryophytes.

UNIT-II (12 Hours)
Comparative structural organization of gametophyte and sporophyte; Asexual reproductive
structures; distribution of sex organs; protective structures associated with archegonia and
developing sporogonia; spore and elaters / peristome teeth; spore dispersal mechanisms and spore
germination in Hornworts (Anthocerotales), Liverworts (Jungermanniales, Marchantiales, and
Sphaerocarpales.)

UNIT-III (10 Hours)
Mosses (Sphagnopsida, Andreaeopsida, Archidiopsida, and Peristomiopsida). Experimental
studies: Effect of various factors on protonemal differentiation and bud formation; Apogamy and
Apospory.
UNIT-IV (10 Hours)
Chemistry of Bryophytes: A brief account of distribution of various organic compounds in
different groups of Bryophytes; Chemistry in relation to taxonomy. Cytological studies in
Bryophytes: Chromosome numbers in major groups of Bryophytes, Polyploidy in brief, m-
chromosomes and sex-chromosomes, Cytology in relation to taxonomy.
UNIT-V (3 Hours)

Fossil Bryophytes (A brief account), Origin of Bryophytes.

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