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d) Electron gain enthalpy
e) Electronegativity, Pauling‘s scale of electronegativity. Variation of electronegativity with
bond order and hybridization.

UNIT- III: Ionic bond (12 Hours)
General characteristics, types of ions, size effects, radius ratio rule and its limitations. Packing of
ions in crystals. Lattice energy, Born-Landé equation with derivation, Madelung constant,
importance of Kapustinskii equation for lattice energy. Born-Haber cycle and its applications.
Covalent character in ionic compounds, polarizing power and polarizability. Fajan‘s rules and
consequences of polarization.

UNIT- IV: Covalent bond (12 Hours)
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, shapes of the following simple molecules
-
and ions containing lone pairs and bond pairs of electrons: H 2O, NH 3, PCl 3, PCl 5, SF 6, ClF 3, I 3 ,
+
-
+,
-,
2-
BrF 2 PCl 6 , ICl 2 , ICl 4 and SO 4 . Application of VSEPR theory in predicting trends in bond
lengths and bond angles. Valence Bond theory (Heitler-London approach). Hybridization,
equivalent and non-equivalent hybrid orbitals, Bent‘s rule.Ionic character in covalent compounds:
Bond moment and dipole moment. Percentage ionic character from dipole moment and
electronegativity difference. Molecular orbital diagrams of homo & hetero diatomic molecules
[N 2, O 2, C 2, B 2, F 2, CO, NO] and their ions; HCl (idea of s-p mixing and orbital interaction to be
given).
PRACTICALS (30 Hours)

1. Titrimetric Analysis:
(i) Calibration and use of apparatus.
(ii) Preparation of solutions of different Molarity/Normality.
2. Acid-Base Titrations: Principles of acid-base titrations are to be discussed.
(i) Estimation of oxalic acid using standardized NaOH solution.
(ii) Estimation of sodium carbonate using standardized HCl.
(iii)Estimation of carbonate and hydroxide present together in a mixture.
(iv) Estimation of carbonate and bicarbonate present together in a mixture.
3. Redox Titration: Principles of oxidation-reduction titrations to be discussed.
(i) Estimation of oxalic acid using standardized KMnO 4 solution.
(ii) Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohr‘s salt by titrating with KMnO 4.
(iii)Estimation of oxalic acid and sodium oxalate in a given mixture.

SUGGUESTED READINGS:

1. Lee, J.D. (2010), Concise Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley India.
2. Huheey, J.E.; Keiter, E.A.; Keiter; R. L.; Medhi, O.K. (2009), Inorganic Chemistry-
Principles of Structure and Reactivity, Pearson Education.
3. Douglas, B.E.; McDaniel, D.H.; Alexander, J.J. (1994), Concepts and Models of Inorganic
Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons.
4. Atkins, P.W.; Overton, T.L.; Rourke, J.P.; Weller, M.T.; Armstrong, F.A. (2010), Shriver
and Atkins Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press.
5. Pfennig, B. W. (2015), Principles of Inorganic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons.
6. Housecraft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G., (2018), Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Edition, Pearson.
7. Wulfsberg, G (2002), Inorganic Chemistry, Viva Books Private Limited.
8. Miessler, G.L.; Fischer P.J.; Tarr, D. A. (2014), Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Edition, Pearson.

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