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11. Jeffery, G.H.; Bassett, J.; Mendham, J.; Denney, R.C. (1989), Vogel‘s Textbook of
Quantitative Chemical Analysis, John Wiley and Sons.
12. Harris, D. C.; Lucy, C. A. (2016), Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 9th Edition, Freeman and
Company

Chem.121 Basic Concepts and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 3+1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

Objectives of the course are:
 To recapitulate of fundamental concepts of organic chemistry and their application in
different organic compounds like alkanes, alkenes, alkynes etc.
 To introduce the students to the concept of visualizing the organic molecules in a three-
dimensional space.

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

The students will be able to:
• Understand and explain the electronic displacements and reactive intermediates and their
applications in basic concepts.
• Formulate the mechanistic route of organic reactions by recalling and correlating the
fundamental concepts.
• Identify and comprehend mechanism for free radical substitution, electrophilic addition,
nucleophilic substitution, and elimination reactions.
• Understand the fundamental concepts of stereochemistry.

THEORY (45 Hours)

UNIT I: (9 Hours)

Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry:
Electronic displacements and their applications: inductive, electrometric, resonance and
mesomeric effects and hyperconjugation. Dipole moment, acidity and basicity.
Homolytic and heterolytic fissions with suitable examples. Types, shape and relative stability of
carbocations, carbanions, carbenes and free radicals.
Electrophiles & nucleophiles, and introduction to types of organic reactions: addition, elimination
and substitution reactions.

UNIT II: (18 Hours)
Stereoisomerism: Optical activity and optical isomerism, asymmetry, chirality, enantiomers,
diastereomers. specific rotation; Configuration and projection formulae: Newman, Sawhorse,
Fischer and their interconversion. Chirality in molecules with one and two stereocentres; meso
configuration.
Racemic mixture and their resolution. Relative and absolute configuration: D/L and R/S
designations (CIP rules).
Geometrical isomerism: cis-trans, syn-anti and E/Z notations.
Conformational Isomerism: Alkanes (Conformations, relative stability and energy diagrams of
Ethane, Propane and butane). Relative stability of cycloalkanes (Baeyer strain theory),
Cyclohexane conformations with energy diagram. Conformations of monosubstituted
cyclohexanes.

UNIT III: (18 Hours)
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Alkanes: Preparation, Halogenation of alkanes, Concept of relative
reactivity v/s selectivity.

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