Last Updated: 25.07.2015

Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, CSK~Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur, HP, INDIA

 

Department of Veterinary
Pharmacology & Toxicology


 

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Research highlights

                                                                

The research highlights of the department are as below:

  • Pharmacokinetic doses for various sulpha drugs in yaks have been establishe
  •  “Bana” (Vitex negundo) leaves were found to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic action.
  • Immature leaves of Quercus incana were found to possess high concentration of tannins which are harmful to domestic animals.
  • Leaves of Salvia coccinea were found to have high concentration of nitrates which may cause abortion in migratory sheep and goats.
  • Studies on the neuropharmacological effects of ivermectin revealed that spontaneous locomotor activity was reduced at all the dose levels but forced locomotor activity was slightly reduced at higher dose level. The drug did not exhibit any anticonvulsant potential at any of the dose levels studied.
  • Some preliminary investigations were done on pharmacodynamic interactions of ivermectin with the CNS acting drugs in this Department. It was found that the actions of the neuroleptics, analgesics and anticonvulsants were significantly potentiated. These alterations in the therapeutic responses are of considerable clinical significance.
  • Investigations on the interactive effect of free radicals on purinergic receptors of goat coronary artery revealed that the cardioprotective effect of adenosine through A1 receptors was enhanced in the presence of superoxide or hydroxyl radicals. On the contrary, A2 receptors were susceptible to the deleterious effect of both free radicals.
  • The methanolic extracts of Cinnammomum camphora and Thuja orientalis were found to be effective against Fasciola gigantica and Gigantocotyl explanatum while the methanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata was found to be effective against G. explanatum only.
  • The methanolic extract of Tagetes patula effectively inhibited both hatching and embryonation of eggs of Haemonchus contortus. The methanolic extract of Bauhinia variegata was found to be effective in inhibiting the hatching process while the effect produced on egg embryonation was very low. Both the extracts were found to be ineffective against infective (L3) larvae of H. contortus. Both the extracts were found to possess excellent anthelmintic activity against adult H. contortus (female) worms. Two bioactive constituents with putative anthelmintic activity having Rf value 0.231 and 0.538, respectively, in solvent system chloroform: methanol (80:20) were isolated from the methanolic extract of B. variegata. A bioactive constituent with Rf value 0.782 in solvent system chloroform: methanol: ethyl acetate (75:25:1) was detected in methanolic extract of T. patula.
  • Pharmacological and phytochemical characterization of Terminalia arjuna bark was done. T. arjuna bark possess antioxidative properties. The observed effect is due to the presence of various polyphenol compounds including ellagic acid. The result is of immense importance to combat oxidative stress in animals.
  • Pharmacokinetic studies of Cefuroxime (2nd generation cephalosporin antibiotic) with Trikatu (an Ayurvedic formulation consisting of equal parts of Piper longum, Piper nigrum & Gingiber officinalis) in goats  revealed that Cefuroxime is rapidly absorbed, distributed & eliminated by both i/m & i/v routes. Trikatu did not showed any significant effect on bioavailability, absorption & elimination kinetics of cefuroxime in goats.
  • Pharmacokinetic studies of Paracetamol & Aspirin (NSAID) with Trikatu (an Ayurvedic formulation consisting of equal parts of Piper longum, Piper nigrum & Gingiber officinalis) in dogs showed additive effect with Paracetamol (decrease in loading & maintenance dose of  Paracetamol ) but along with aspirin it showed opposite effect. Additive effect was observed in analgesic activity of Paracetamol & Aspirin (NSAID’S) with Trikatu.
  • In vitro & In vivo studies of seabuckthorn & Tinospora cordifolia in rats revealed that both of these plants have significant antioxidant potential but seabuckthorn is a better herbal antioxidant. On the basis of non specific immunity & cellular immunity seabuckthorn is a better immunostimulant but on basis of humoral response Tinospora cordifolia is a better immunostimulant.
  • Pharmacokinetic studies of Enrofloxacin with Piperine in calves revealed that enrofloxacin is orally absorbed in case of pre-ruminant calves but not in adult calves. Piperine alters the kinetics of enrofloxacin in terms of bioavailability in pre-ruminant calves.
  • T-2 toxin @1ppm produced toxic effects in poultry by significantly reducing growth performance & immune response. It adversely affected  oxidative status in liver & RBC’S and  histological & hematobiochemical parameters. Glucomannan @1g/kg & Seabuckthorn (400 & 800 ppm) alone in feed significantly protects poultry from toxic effects of T-2 toxin and in combination provided additive protection against T-2 toxicity.
  • The studies conducted for evaluation of antioxidant and immunomodulatory action of Amla (Emblica officinalis) and Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) @100mg/kg b.wt.  revealed that the methanolic extracts of both amla and ashwagandha were capable of reversing the potassium dichromate induced  oxidative stress and cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression in male wistar rats .The studies indicated that methanolic extract of amla is a better antioxidant where as methanolic extract of ashwagandha is a better immunomodulator.
  • Neonicatinoid insecticide  administration in male wistar rats  @ 60 and 120mg/kg for 60 days significantly reduced growth performance & immune response & adversely affected oxidative status in liver & RBC’S, histological & hematobiochemical parameters.
  • The studies conducted on various seabuckthorn by-products revealed that the leaves extract had antioxidant activity and inhibitory action of free radicals was found in a dose dependent manner. The chemoprofiling of the various seabuckthorn by-products for the different flavonoids revealed that leaves were rich in rutin followed by Quercetin-3-galactoside. Whereas, in the methanolic extract of   pomace, isorhamnetin was present. The antioxidant studies and chemoprofiling of various seabuckthorn by-products revealed that seabuckthorn leaves have potential for the development of nutraceuticals.
  • The in vitro trials were conducted in RUSITEC apparatus to evaluate the effect of extracts of Terminalia chebula, Tinospora cordifolia, Cinnamomum tamala, Hippophae rhamnoides, Urgenia indica and Thymus serphyllum on rumen fermentation parameters and rumen methanogenesis. The extract of Terminalia chebula produced significant (P<0.05) reduction in methane production as compared to other plant extracts.
  • On the basis of in vitro studies carried out in RUSITEC, Terminalia chebula was selected for in vivo studies. In vivo studies suggested that there was no significant (P>0.05) change in the rumen fermentation parameters and haematological parameters initially, but at 18 and 27 day significant (P<0.05) reduction in the microbial population, ammonia-N concentration and molar proportion of acetic acid and significant (P<0.05) increase in the concentration of microbial protein, serum protein and molar proportion of propionic acid was observed. There was no significant (P>0.05) change in the haematological parameters.
  • The studies conducted on various seabuckthorn by-products revealed that the leaves extract had antioxidant activity and inhibitory action of free radicals was found in a dose dependent manner. The chemoprofiling of the various seabuckthorn by-products for the different flavonoids revealed that leaves were rich in rutin followed by Quercetin-3-galactoside. Whereas, in the methanolic extract of pomace, isorhamnetin was present. The antioxidant studies and chemoprofiling of various seabuckthorn by-products revealed that seabuckthorn leaves have potential for the development of nutraceuticals
  • The antioxidant, haemato-biochemical and immuno-modulatory properties of Seabuckthorn pomace in poultry suggested that Seabuckthorn pomace possesses antioxidant and immuno-modulatory properties and can be used for the development of poultry nutraceuticals.
  • In vivo studies on toxicity induced by cadmium and effect of seabuckthorn pomace on cadmium induced toxicity by evaluation of biochemical parameters i.e. serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine levels and to assess the effect of cadmium on the antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in erythrocytes, liver and kidney of adult poultry birds in poultry were carried out. It could be concluded that cadmium exposure produced oxidative stress by altering the levels of antioxidant enzymes of erythrocytes, liver and kidney in adult poultry birds and thus can be used for induction of oxidative stress in poultry birds.
  • In vitro antioxidant activities and chemoprofiling of 50% methanolic extract of seabuckthorn leaves and seabuckthorn byproducts were done and it suggested that 50% methanolic extract possesses strong antioxidant potential.
  • Ochratoxin at dietary level of 2 ppm significantly reduces growth performance, immune response and produces oxidative damage to renal & hepatic tissue in quails.
  • Glucomannan supplementation at dietary level of 1g/Kg of feed protects against ochratoxin induced suppression in growth performance and immune response.
  • Seabuckthorn leaves extract @ 10000 ppm (1% of feed) significantly improves the growth performance, immune response, oxidative status of renal & hepatic tissue and histopathological changes of lymphoid organs against ochratoxicosis in quails.
  • The combined effect of glucomannan and seabuckthorn leaves extract is a better approach for the protection of quails from ochratoxin induced toxicity.
  • Aflatoxin fed @ 400 ppm significantly reduced growth rate, increased PCR, adversely affected haemato biochemical parameters and produced lesions in the liver of broilers.
  • Aqua methanolic leaf extracts of seabuckthorn at the dietary level of 10000 ppm improved growth rate, FCR, antioxidant and haematobiochemical parameters.31. Aqua methanolic seabuckthorn leaf extract at the dietary level of 10000 ppm in combination with glucomannan @ 1g/kg provided additive effect in amelioration of aflatoxicosis.
  • In comparison to seabuckthorn and glucomannan given as singular treatment. the combination of seabuckthorn extract and glucomannan provided better protection against aflatoxicosios.
  • An investigation was undertaken to study the ameliorative potential of seabuckthorn (leaves and pulp) in aflatoxin induced hepatotoxicity in poultry. On the basis of growth performance, biochemical parameters, antioxidant activity and histopathology of liver tissues, it was  concluded that dietary supplementation of seabuckthorn is capable of ameliorating the aflatoxin induced hepatotoxicity in poultry.
  • The oral administration of extracts of Berberis aristata and Curcuma longa along with amoxicillin in calves, significantly increased (P<0.05) the oral bioavailability of amoxicillin and Berberis aristata extract was found to have more bioenhancing action than Curcuma longa extract.
  • The research was conducted to study in vitro cytotoxicity, apoptosis and changes in cell cycle kinetics induced by paclitaxel on C6 (Rattus norvegicus glioma) and CHO-K1 (Chinese hamster ovarian carcinoma) cell lines. The data suggested that paclitaxel will be most effective clinically when there is prolonged exposure of tumour to the drug rather than increasing concentration of drug in the biophase. Based on results of in vivo study, the highest non toxic dose of formulation was found to be 1.20 mg/kg.

 

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