Animal Breeding

Professors/ equivalent	:	Gupta, K., Katoch, S.
Associate Professors/ equivalent	:	Chadha, K. K., Kaila, O. P., Thakur, Y. P.
Programmes	:	M. V. Sc., Ph. D.
Fields of Specialization	:	Animal Breeding
Core Courses	:	M. V. Sc.: ABG 601, ABG 602, ABG 611, ABG 613 Ph. D.: ABG 701, ABG 702, ABG 711

ABG 601 Principles of Animal Breeding 2+1

Introduction to Animal Breeding; probability; Hardy-Weinberg law, its application and significance; phenotypic variance and its partitioning; heritability and its estimation; repeatability; principles of inbreeding; coefficient of relationship; out breeding and heterosis; general and specific combining ability; principles of selection and its methods; breeding techniques in different species of livestock.

Estimation of gene and genotypic frequencies; inbreeding coefficients and coefficient of relationship; estimation of heritability, repeatability; construction of selection index.

ABG 602 Breeding Systems 2+1 Biometrical relations between relatives; mating systems; inbreeding; out breeding; phenotypic assortative mating; general and specific combining ability; choice of effective breeding plans; calculation of inbreeding coefficients using Wright’s and Malacot’s approach; co-variance among relatives; decrease of herterozygosity on inbreeding; problems of detection of non-additive genetic variance.

Estimation of inbreeding coefficient and coefficient of relationship with different methods; exercise on detection on non-additive genetic variance; methods of selection; general and specific combining ability; methods of indexing sires and breeding efficiency.

Methods of evaluation and selection of dairy cattle for milk production; construction of selection index; inheritance of physiological, morphological characters and economic traits; breeding for threshold characters; herd recording systems; breeding plans for improvement of small and large dairy farms; scheme for dairy cattle improvement in India.

History, current status and modern trends in commercial poultry breeding; objectives in commercial breeding; major gene effects and gene frequency problems; performance testing; experimental designs; space requirement; partial trap nesting; multiple shifts; intermingling genotypes; environment interactions; pan effects and repeatability of performance; hatch correction models; immunogenetics in chickens.

Physical characteristics of laying and non-laying hens; culling and selection of breeding stock; trap nest records; selection of hatching eggs; fertility of hatchability; operation of incubators; pre-degree hatching; wing banding, leg banding and maintenance of pre-degree records; sexing of chickens; index selection in broilers and layers.

History and role of population genetics; probability; gene frequency as influenced by selection, migration, mutation and population size; Fisher’s theorem of natural selection; genetic structure of populations, inbreeding and heterosis; linkage, its detection and measurements; quantitative inheritance; casual component of variation; co-variance between relatives; heritability; repeatability and co-heritability; discriminant function applied to quantitative genetic analysis.

Exercises on application of Hardy-Weinberg law with Drosophila; calculating gene frequencies; genetic exercises on probability; testing a locus for equilibrium; estimation of genetic parameters like heritability, repeatability, genetic correlation and correlated response; optimum design for measurement of heritabilities and genetic correlations; exercises on response to selection and its prediction, selection indices.

Theory of path-coefficients; biometric relation between relatives; genetic relationship (correlation) between groups; concept of ‘F’ (inbreeding coefficient); Wright’s approach in contrast to Malacot’s; measurements of ‘F’ and heterozygosis; variation of ‘F’; regular system of inbreeding, half-sib mating; breeding structure of population; selection, types of selection; measurement and prediction of genetic gain; selection methods and their relative efficiency; concept of linear genetic parameters; genetic and phenotypic correlation and construction of selection index.

Path diagram and pedigree charts with their numerical analysis; laboratory exercises dealing with change in ‘F’, ‘X’, variance under different breeding systems.

Review of population genetics; gene and genotype frequencies; measured variance of population; approach to equilibrium under random mating; genetic and environmental sub-divisions of phenotypic variance; contrast between Mendelism and blending inheritance; genetic nature of differences between groups; resemblances between relatives in population; mating at random; forces affecting gene frequency; their impact in animal breeding; heritability and repeatability, methods and precision of estimation; aids to selection; breeding for threshold characters; selection index, its construction; expected genetic progress in net, merit and individual traits on index selection.

Exercises on application of Hardy-Weinberg law in animal breeding; estimation of additive and non-additive genetic effects; construction of selection indices; calculation of heritability including threshold characters; repeatability estimates and their reliability; most probable producing ability; estimation of genetic gain through selection and statistical techniques for measuring genetic gain.

Structural and organizational profiles of tissue proteins; antigens and antibodies; immuno-fertility; biochemical polymorphism and blood factors in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats; genetic control of cellular antigens; histo-compactibility of antigens and serum proteins; application of blood groups to animal breeding; genetics of milk, protein and other body fluids; biochemical traits of hill cattle, Yak, Gaddi sheep and goat, Chegu goats, hill horses.

Identification of body proteins and blood factors in different species of livestock by electrophoresis; identification of milk proteins and other body fluids; identification of blood groups in different species of domestic animals.

Current status of hilly livestock; breeding strategies for breeds of hilly tract with particular reference to Gaddi sheep and goat, Biangi sheep, Chegu goat, Spiti, Zanskar and Bhutia breeds of horse, yak and Mithun; conservation methods for the hill germplasm; genotype environment interaction.

Different types and methods of selection in livestock and poultry, their effectiveness and limitations; selection indices; restricted selection indices; construction of selection indices; evaluation of genetic gains through selection; correlated response.

Problems on selection for quantitative characters in Drosophilla and Tribolium; construction of selection indices and evaluation of genetic progress using experimental data on Drosophila and Tribolium.

Current status of dairy in India; review of past and present breeding policies; breeding plans for improvement of dairy cattle; use of method of maximum likelihood and methods of least square means in methodology of dairy cattle breeding; progeny testing and sire evaluation; contribution of blood typing to dairy science progress.

Practical

Estimation procedures related to method of likelihood; least square and progeny testing.

ABG 703 Conservation of Animal Genetic Resources of Hills 2+0 Advanced techniques in conservation of livestock species for future, cryopreservation; use of DNA, RNA markers in conservation and maintenance of cell lines; in situ and ex situ conservation of hilly species.

ABG 711 Estimation and Utilization of Non-additive Genetic Variance 2+0 Approach to estimation of general and specific combining ability; diallel mating, fraction diallel crosses; recurrent and reciprocal recurrent selection; inbreeding and hybridization.

Genetic constitution of population; change in gene frequency due to selection, mutation and migration; review of matrix algebra and differential calculus; mathematical basis of equilibrium theorem and its application to two or more loci; automaetraplicids; inbreeding (probabilistic approach); effect of inbreeding on genotype assay; selfing and sib mating; mixed inbreeding systems; effects of population size; polyploidy.

Nature, structure, organization and application of genetic material; gene enzyme, protein relationships; transcription, translation and regulation of genetic information; current status of blood groups and biochemical polymorphism in different livestock species; erythrocytes mosaicism; inherited variation in haemoglobin sera proteins; milk proteins and potassium types; inheritance of various isozymes.

Typing of various proteins and enzymes through starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; Hery type analysis and potassium types using flame photometery.

Current status of gene recombination in particular reference to domestic animals including poultry; biotechniques used in animals; production of transgenic animals; mapping of disease resistance and gene isolation; future scope and hazards of gene recombination.

ABG 715 Advanced Cell Biology and Genetics 2+0

Overview of cell biology and genetics; application of tissue culture in animal genetics study; in vitro fertilization; culture and development of oocytes in livestock species; genetic markers and their use in livestock, cell lines, production of hybridoma’s and fibroblast culture.

Animal Nutrition

Associate Professors/ equivalent	:	Sharma, K. S., Sharma, V. K.
Assistant Professors/ equivalent	:	Rani, D., Singh, G.
Programmes	:	M. V. Sc., Ph. D.
Fields of Specialization	:	Ruminant Nutrition, Non-ruminant Nutrition, Animal Feed Technology
Core Courses	:	M. V. Sc.: ANU 601, ANU 602, ANU 604, ANU 611, ANU 612 Ph. D.: ANU 701, ANU 702

History of animal nutrition; various nutrients in feeds and fodders; digestion of nutrients in cattle and poultry; nutrients requirements for computation and processing of ration for different species of livestock; augmenting nutritive value of low grade roughages and conservation of fodders.

Identification of different feeds and fodders of livestock; chemical analysis of feeds and computation of balanced rations for various categories of animals.

Function, role and metabolism of inorganic minerals; structural functions of minerals; organic chelates; biological systems of chelates; interaction of minerals; functions, role and metabolism of trace minerals; fat and water soluble vitamins, their role, function and metabolism; role and functions of hormones and identified and unidentified growth factors.

A critical review of feeding experiments; digestibility studies of nutritional balances; feeding standards and measures of feed energy; studies on the National Research Council (NRC), Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) requirements for livestock including poultry with special reference to hill cattle, sheep and goat for maintenance and production of wool, meat, milk and eggs.

Analysis of various feeds and fodders for proximate principles (Weende and Stohman system of feed analysis); Van Soest’s system of feed analysis; laboratory estimation of minerals and other constituents; introduction to various methods used for feed stuff analysis; techniques for fistulation; in vitro, in vivo, in sacco digestibility studies and metabolic trials.

Study of biochemistry and microbiology of rumen digestion, absorption and assimilation in relation to carbohydrates, lipids and proteins; passage of feed through the ruminant gastro-intestinal tract; saliva production and its functions; mixing digesta in the reticulo-rumen; microbial population in the reticulo-rumen and their role in digestion; amino acid composition of rumen microbes, physiological and qualitative; volatile fatty acids (VFA) production for energy yield; manipulation of rumen functions for higher production.

Ruminant nutrition research techniques, e.g. demonstration of rumen liquor collection; microscopic study of rumen bacteria and protozoa; estimation of rumen metabolites.

Study of digestion and metabolism of different nutrients in non-ruminants; nutritional deficiency diseases; scientific feeding of poultry, swine, horse and rabbit with reference to hilly areas.

Proteins, amino acids and carbohydrates analysis of feeds and biological materials; assay (some blood constituents/metabolites) some important enzymes in blood and liver

The nutrients and their metabolism in poultry birds; nutritional deficiency; scientific feeding of poultry for egg and broiler production; nutritional requirements for different stages of efficient poultry production; diseases of poultry.

Nutritional studies on poultry; analysis of bio-organic constituents in blood, liver and other organs.

Identification of toxic constituents in feeds and fodders in the mountains; chemical nature and harmful effects of toxic constituents like trypsin inhibitors, haemoglutinnins, saponins, lathyrogens, minerals and vitamins; binding factors for different categories of livestock.

Laboratory detection and estimation of toxic constituents of feeds and fodders and their detoxification procedures.

Importance of recycling of agricultural and industrial by-products; classification and nutritive value of feeds and fodders of available by-products, toxic principles if any; limitations in feeding by-products; economical replacement value; critical study of nutrients and biochemistry of fodder preservation.

Collection of various by-products and study of their chemical composition and fibre analysis; different methods of preservation of various types of feeds and fodder.

Biotechnological improvement in the nutritive value of feed stuffs and digestive capabilities of farm livestock and poultry; manipulation of mammalian metabolism; aims of gene transfer in rumen bacteria and co-genetic engineering for lignocelluloses degradation of poor quality roughages in the rumen.

Isolation, purification and multiplication of probiotics, morphology and characterization; methods of preservation and supplementation of probiotics.

Assessment of nutritional status, requirements and recommended allowances of energy, proteins, vitamins, minerals in human beings, factors affecting their requirements; interrelationship in their requirements; study of history, incidence, aetiology, manifestations, prophylaxis and dietary treatment of the deficiency diseases due to proteins, calories, vitamins and minerals; sub-nutrition and starvation; interaction of nutrition and infections; economics of nutrition; adulteration and toxins in foods.

Sampling of feeds containing required vitamins, minerals, proteins and calories; assessment of nutritional status; individual feed consumption survey; biochemical analysis of nutrients; estimation of limiting amino acids; quantitative analysis of blood constituents, viz., proteins, haemoglobin, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin and ascorbic acid using calorimetery; UV spectrophotometery, column chromatography and microbiological techniques.

Nutritional aspects of proteins including non-protein nitrogenous substances, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in ruminants; metabolism of energy and proteins as required by different types of ruminants; rumen metabolism of different feeds and fodders and factors affecting their rate of passage; radioisotopic study in rumen metabolism and utilization of some nutrients.

Metabolism of energy, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals; determination of vitamins of feeds for requirement of monogastric animals; factors affecting the nutritive value of feeds; dietary standards and assessment of nutritional status with special reference to poultry and rabbit.

Principles and techniques of tracer methodology as applied in physiology and nutrition; use and handling of radio-isotopes in animals as biological material; general procedures for radio assay and analytical techniques involved.

Study of the biochemistry, physiology and mechanism of action of vitamins and hormones; critical study of biochemical role and their relationship in the metabolism as applied to ruminants and monogastric animals.

Topics of current biochemical and physiological interest applicable to animal nutrition; recent trends of animal nutrition research; new techniques being applied for evaluating feed stuffs using animals; future areas of research.

Sources of energy, fasting catabolism; metabolic rate and its measurement; energy equilibrium; energy needs and feeding trials; direct and indirect calorimetry and their comparison.

Determination of energy by bomb calorimeter; determining energy by other methods; numericals.

Protein metabolism in ruminants and non-ruminants; details of other nitrogenous compounds; history of urea feeding as a protein supplement for ruminants; urea in diets of non-ruminants; methods of urea impregnation in feeds and fodders.

Associate Professors/ equivalent	:	Singh, M., Vasishta, N. K.
Assistant Professors/ equivalent	:	Sood, P.
Programme	:	M. V. Sc.
Fields of Specialization	:	Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology & Obstetrics
Core Courses	:	VGO 601, VGO 602, VGO 604, VGO 631

VOG 601 General Gynaecology 2+1

Anatomy and physiology of female reproductive systems; introduction to puberty; estrous cycle, endocrine control of estrous cycle; ovarian activity in relation to estrous, ovulation, fertilization and placentation, pregnancy and its diagnosis; utero-ovarian fetal interrelationship; neuro-endocrinology in relation to female reproduction; principles of hormone therapy; early embryonic death.

Clinical and laboratory methods of heat deduction; different techniques employed in pregnancy diagnosis in large and small animals; collection of material from cases of abnormal pregnancy.

Introduction to pelvimetery and its relationship to normal parturition; normal parturition; endocrine control of parturition; involution of uterus; induction of parturition and foetal dystocia; obstetrical operations; per vaginal manipulative delivery; mutation; foetotomy; caesarians section and hysterectomy.

To attend cases of normal and abnormal parturitions in different species; care of dam before, during and after parturition; mutation exercises in fantom boxes; epidural; anesthesia; pudendal nerve block; foetotomy caesarian section; genital surgical procedure.

Management of periparturient diseases; contusions and lacerations of the birth canal; gluteal paralysis; obturator paralysis; rupture of the uterus and vagina and its management, uterine torsion; retention of fetal membranes; prolapse of the uterus and its management, mummification; maceration; dropsy of the fetal membranes and fetus; hydroallantois; hydroamnion; prolonged gestation; superfecundation; superfoetations; ketosis, hypocalcaemia; parturient recombancy.

Management and treatment of prolapse of uterus, vagina and other parturition related diseases.

Reproductive failure in females; anatomical factors affecting fertility; ovarian dysfunction; managemental factors affecting fertility; infectious causes of infertility in domestic female animals; repeat breeding; abortions and its effects.

Diagnosis and treatment of various reproductive disorders in females of different domestic animals; techniques of biopsy from genital tracts of female animals; handling and processing of clinical samples from cases of infertility.

Normal physiology and anatomy of male reproductive system; congenital and acquired structural and functional abnormalities in male reproduction; diagnosis and treatment of impotentia coeundi and generandi.

Diagnosis and treatment of various reproductive disorders in males of different domestic animals; rectal palpation and biometrics of male genitalia.

History; advantage and disadvantage of artificial insemination (A.I.); bull soundness evaluation; semen collection and its handling; evaluation of the freshly collected and diluted semen; liquid and diluted semen technology; insemination techniques in domestic animals; spermatogenesis; sperm metabolism; sperm transport in female genital tract; semen and its composition; micro-flora in semen; diseases transmitted through A.I and their control.

Semen collection and its evaluation; A.I techniques; preservation of liquid and frozen semen; preparation of extenders; maintenance of record; establishment of bull and A.I. centers.

Significance of embryo transfer technology and other biotechnological tools; estrus synchronization; super ovulation; collection of embryo; in vitro fertilization; deep freezing and thawing of embryos; embryo transfer; exfoliative vaginal cytology; hormonal assays of reproductive importance.

Superovulation in laboratory and domestic animals; synchronization of estrus; surgical and non-surgical techniques of embryo collection and transfer.

Attending veterinary clinics daily for two hours with special preference to gynaecological cases.

Management of neonatal calf during and after parturition; diseases of neonates; their prevention and control in relation to parturition; paediatric emergencies; teratology; etiological factors.

Resuscitation of newborn calf immediately after birth; naval disinfection; colostrum feeding; cases of paediatric emergencies.

Professors/ equivalent	:	Sharma, D. N., Sudhakar, L. S.
Associate Professors/ equivalent	:	Bhardwaj, R. L.
Assistant Professors/ equivalent	:	Pathak, A., Rajput, R.
Programmes	:	M. V. Sc., Ph. D.
Fields of Specialization	:	Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy, Developmental Anatomy
Core Courses	:	M. V. Sc.: VAN 601, VAN 611, VAN 621, VAN 622, VAN 631 Ph. D.: VAN 701, VAN 711, VAN 721

Theory and practice of microscopic methods, specimen preparations for dissection; fixing, embedding, sectioning, mounting and staining of tissues.

Study of gross, topographic and comparative anatomy of various organs of rabbit and rat.

Topographic and radiographic anatomy of different regions of the body of the domestic animals with special emphasis on the areas of common surgical manipulations, such as extirpation of eye ball, amputation of horn, ligation of stenson’s duct, Zepp’s operation, tracheotomy, oesophagotomy, amputation of fore and hind limb.

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female genital organs and principal endocrine glands of farm animals during various phases of growth and reproduction.

Dissection of the various genital and endocrine organs in different domestic animals; practical demonstrations and preparation of micro slides of above organs.

Gross anatomical organisation of the gastrointestinal tract and identification of different components of digestive apparatus of ruminants and non-ruminants as studied by dissection (in situ) and in museum specimens (isolated).

Study of comparative gross and topographical anatomy of different organ systems of cattle and buffalo, with notes on yak, sheep and goat.

Dissection of muscles, blood nerves and nerves of buffalo, calf, sheep and goat.

Systemic, gross, topographical anatomy of horse, with points of differences when compared to cattle as studied by dissection of horse/donkey.

Systemic comparative anatomy of dog and pig, dissection of dog and pig to record points of differences in various organ systems.

Gross anatomy of various organ systems of domestic fowl as studied by dissection of chicken.

Microscopic examination of various types of cells and basic tissues of domestic animals.

Advanced comparative microscopic anatomy of all the body systems of different domestic animals with functional correlations.

General histomorphological, histochemical and ultrastructural features of the cell organelles and inclusions; fine structural changes in the organisation of nuclear and cytopolasmic components during cell cycle; transmembrane transport exocytosis and endocytosis.

Reproductive organs; gametogenesis; sexual cycle; fertilization; cleavage; germ layers separations; establishment of embryonic body; early differentiation of body and various organs systems; foetal membranes and placenta; organogenesis and histogenesis of various organs of the body.

Study of whole mounts and serial sections of the chick and pig embryos at different stages of development.

VAN 701 Neuro Anatomy 2+1

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the meninges, brain and spinal cord, cranial and spinal nerves, their nuclei and ganglia and autonomic nervous system of domestic animals.

Dissection and study of brain and spinal cord and their sections at various levels; nerves, plexuses and ganglia of clinical significance in domestic animals.

VAN 702 Anatomy of Sense Organs 1+1

Gross and microscopic anatomy of the organs of special senses such as vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste, pain, touch and heat.

Dissection and microscopic examination of eye, ear, nose, skin, appendages, etc. of domestic animals.

VAN 703 Advances in Anatomy of Ruminant Digestive System 2+1

Comparative gross and topographic anatomy of alimentary canal and its associated glands in ox, buffalo, sheep and goat; histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the structure and function of the gastric and intestinal mucosa in relation to digestion of food and absorption, and transport of nutrients (at cellular and molecular levels); histological, histochemical and ultrastructural observation of the salivary glands, liver and pancreas of ruminants; embryological development of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive glands in ruminants and developmental anomalies.

Gross and microscopic examination of the organs of digestive system of buffalo, sheep and goat; examination of the slides of embryology for study of development of gut and associated glands.

VAN 704 Advances in Anatomy of Cardiovascular & Respiratory System 2+1

Comparative gross and topographic anatomy of heart of domestic animals, embryological development of heart; gross, myoarchitecture and conduction system of heart; gross histomorphology and histochemistry of the myocardium, endocardium, and Purkinge fibers in relation to conduction of impulses, arteriovenous circulation and autonomic innervation of heart of domestic animals; comparative gross topographic, microscopic anatomy and embryological development of the lungs and plura of domestic animals; plueural reflections and pulmonary lobations, broncho-pulmonary segmentation of lungs, histology and histochemistry of pulmonary (conduction, respiratory and endocrine segments) tissues, blood vascular and innervation pattern of lungs of domestic animals.

Gross dissection for topographic anatomy of heart and lungs; myoarchitecture, vasculo and neuroarchitecture of heart and lungs; microscopic examination of heart and lung tissue; microscopic examination of slides for embryological development of heart and lungs.

VAN 711 Advances in Anatomy of Endocrine Organs 1+1

Advances in gross and microscopic anatomy of the hypothalamus, pituitary, parathyroid, pineal and adrenal glands, other endocrine associated glands of domestic animals.

Gross dissection for topographic anatomy and microscopic examination of endocrine glands in domestic animals.

VAN 712 Advances in Anatomy of Reproductive Organs (Male & Female) 2+1

Comparative gross and topographical anatomy, histology and histochemistry of the male and female genital system of bovine, equine, swine and canine species; embryological development of the male and female gonads, tubular system and the accessory sex glands; chronological study on the rostral developmental changes in the histology and histochemistry of the genital organs of males and females especially at puberty, sexual maturity and senility; ultrastructure of male and female gametes and placenta in different domestic animals; prenatal and postnatal mammary gland development; functional anatomy and role of endocrine glands in mammary development and lactation in cattle.

Gross dissection of male and female reproductive organs; histological observation of various organs of male and female reproductive system including accessory sex glands; histological observation of the mammary glands during various phases of development; study of embryological slides for the growth and differentiation of male and female gonads, accessory glands and tubular genitalia.

VAN 721 Anatomy of Ageing Tissues 1+1

Age associated histomorphological and histochemical changes in different tissues of domestic animals.

Histological and histochemical demonstration of age associated changes in certain parenchymatous tissues.

VAN 731 Experimental Embryology and Teratology 1+1

Principles of experimental embryology and teratogeny; factors affecting developmental mechanics of embryo; use of organizers, implants, chemical and hormonal preparations in the development of embryonic primordia of various body organs.

Collection, processing and preservation of normal and anomalous foetuses and embryos and their study.

VAN 732 Electron Microscopic Techniques 1+1

Theoretical background of scanning and transmission electron microscope and its applications in the modern biological sciences; preparation of tissues for electron microscopic study; interpretation of the electron microscopic photomicrographs of the animal tissues and cells.

Demonstration of operation of SEM and TEM; preparation of tissues for SEM and TEM; interpretation of SEM and TEM photomicrographs.

VAN 733 Techniques in High Resolution Microscopy 1+1

Familiarization with high resolution light and electron microscopy (TEM/SEM); technology common to molecular biologists and geneticists; hybridization and immunobiological probing techniques as applied to cellular apparatus for gene expression; application of technology for purification of DNA and nucleoprotein complexes.

Light and E/M study of blood cells; electrophoresis technique for blood proteins in domestic animals; histochemical differentiation of various protein and groups in tissue section.

VAN 734 Tissue Culture Techniques 1+1

Various cell culture methods and their growth characteristics in various media and culture chambers; application of blood and tissue culture methods in biomedical research.

Preparation of primary monolayer culture from various species of animals and chick embryos both fibroblastic and epithelial cells.

VAN 735 Anatomic and Genetic Aspects of Reproductive Failure 2+1

Discovery of chromosomes; different types of chromosomes, chromosomal theory of inheritance; chromosomal observations; types of mutation; genetic and chromosomal etiologies of deformities leading to sterility and intersexuality in domestic animals; physical and chemical mutagens, radiation exposure and hazards, mutation and evolution.

Evaluation of karyotypes; testicularbiopsia, amniocentasis and prenatal detection of sex and genetic disorders in experimental animals.

VAN 791 Ph. D. Seminar 1+0

VAN 792 Special Problem in Ph. D. 0+1

Professors/ equivalent	:	Prasad, B.
Associate Professors/ equivalent	:	Des Raj , Mandial, R. K. and Pal, B.
Programme	:	M. V. Sc.
Fields of Specialization	:	Veterinary Medicine
Core Courses	:	VCM 601, VCM 602, VCM 603, VCM 614, VCM 631

Examination of patient, method of examination, special examination of various systems of body; diagnostic approaches of hypothermia, hyperthermia, toxaemia, septicemia and dehydration; dye clearance tests, glucose tolerance test; blood biochemicals and enzyme variations in disease and their interpretation.

Clinical examination of sick animals, palpation, percussion and auscultation; liver function test(s); renal function test; determination of blood biochemicals and enzyme in clinical cases; determination of type and degree of dehydration.

Etiology, clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, therapy and prevention of different diseases of digestive and hepatobilliary system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system including blood and blood forming organs, uro-genital and other body systems.

Laboratory examination of various secretions and excretions of the patients suffering from internal diseases.

Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and control of common/ prevalent bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal diseases of ruminants.

Correlation of clinical symptoms with the laboratory estimations of various secretions and excretions of the animals suffering from infectious diseases.

Etiology, clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis and therapy of different diseases of various body systems; rickets, diabetes mellitus and inspidus, eclampsia; specific infectious diseases like canine distemper, infectious canine hepatitis, rabies, leptospirosis, parvo-viral infection, feline leukopenia; haemoprotozoan and other infectious diseases; management of common poisoning and allergic conditions.

Laboratory evaluation of various secretions and excretions of animals suffering from infectious and non-infectious diseases.

Etiology, clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of infectious diseases like strangle, glanders, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, equine influenza, equine infectious anaemia, equine viral rhinopneumonitis, equine viral arteritis, respiratory distress syndrome, equine coital exanthema, equine protozoal and other infectious diseases; non-infectious diseases like colic, epistaxis, myoglobinuria, osteodystrophy fibrosa, lactation tetany of mares and others.

Examination of different body fluids, secretions and excretions of equines suffering from infectious and non-infectious diseases.

Etiology, clinical symptoms, pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of important infectious diseases like hog cholera, brucellosis, swine pox, foot and mouth disease, vesicular exanthema, swine plague, swine influenza, swine erysipelas and transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs; common non-infectious diseases, piglet anaemia and baby pig diseases.

Correlation of clinical symptoms with the laboratory estimations of various secretions and excretions of swine suffering from infectious and non-infectious diseases.

Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, clinical diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of metabolic diseases of cattle, horse, sheep and goat like milk fever, downer cow syndrome, hypomagnesaemia, nutritional haemoglobinuria and ketosis in cattle and buffaloes, pregnancy toxaemia in ewes, hypocalcaemia in goats, lactation tetany in mares, osteodystrophy fibrosa; diseases of nutritional deficiencies; allergy and some diseases of unknown etiology.

Correlation of clinical symptoms with laboratory estimations of various secretions and excretions of animals suffering from metabolic diseases.

Etiology, clinical signs, post-mortem lesions, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment and control of common bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic diseases of poultry; nutritional deficiencies and toxicosis.

Examination of poultry droppings for parasitic infection; collection of blood; haematology; schedule and practice of vaccination.

Common infectious and non-infectious diseases of laboratory animals, rabbits and zoo animals, their etiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.

Method of handling of laboratory and zoo animals, their examination and medication.

Appraisal of emergency; collection, cross matching, transfusion of blood in severe haemocrisis; selection, preparation and maintenance of body fluid during severe dehydration; handling and transport of critically ill animals; management of anaphylactic shock and drug reactions, etc.

Professors/ equivalent	:	Katoch, R. C.
Associate Professors/ equivalent	:	Sharma, M.
Assistant Professors/ equivalent	:	Chahota, R., Dhar, P., Mahajan, A., Verma, S.
Programme	:	M. V. Sc.
Fields of Specialization	:	Veterinary Microbiology
Core Courses	:	VMC 601, VMC 612, VMC 631, VMC 641

VMC 601 General Bacteriology 2+1

History and scope of Bacteriology; classification, nomenclature, morphology, growth, nutritional requirements and biochemical behavior of bacteria; microbial toxins, their general biological characteristics; elementary genetics and ecology.

Microscopy; sterilization, media preparation, purification of cultures; bacterial growth curve; extraction of microbial toxins and studying their pathogenicity in laboratory animals.

Systematic study of pathogenic bacteria including morphology, biochemical reactions, antigenic characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and control of diseases.

Isolation, identification on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characters of pathogenic bacteria of field materials.

Origin and nature of viruses; morphology, chemical composition, classification of animal viruses; short description of DNA and RNA viruses; replication; interference; viral genetics; inactivation and chemotherapy; pathogenesis and immunity of viral diseases; viruses in relation to neoplasm.

Cultivation of some viruses in chicken embryo, cell culture and laboratory animals; study of their physico-chemical properties.

Systematic study of DNA and RNA viruses of veterinary importance; epidemiological, biological and immunological characteristics of animal DNA and RNA viruses and principles of prevention and control of diseases caused by them.

Laboratory studies of some pathogenic animals and poultry viruses, their pathogenic and serological diagnosis.

Morphology, structure, reproduction, cultural characteristics, serology and classification of pathogenic fungi affecting animals and birds.

Study of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics of pathogenic, opportunistic and toxigenic fungi, assay of mycotoxins.

Guidelines for collection, transport and storage of clinical/necropsy samples and their processing; preparation and standardization of different media used in microbiology; isolation and identification of bacteria, viruses and fungi from clinical samples; diagnosis of microbial diseases by serological methods; maintenance of cultures; drug sensitivity and pathogenicity in cell culture/ laboratory animals.

History of immunology, ontogeny and phylogeny of animals; theories of antibody formation, humoral and cells mediated immunity; biochemistry of antibodies; reproduction of immune system, hypersensitivity status, immunotolerance, autoimmunity and genetic resistance.

Handling of laboratory animals; preparation of antigens and raising hyperimmune sera; demonstration of various antigen and antibody reacting tests.

Theory and practice of antiseptics, disinfectants and sterilization; antimicrobial agents; quantitative bacteriology in measurement of antiseptic and disinfectant action.

Determination of death point of bacteria by dry and moist heat; determination of bacteriostatic power of UV light and chemicals; determination of germicidal value of ointments and solvents; determination of phenol coefficient.

Study of morphological, cultural and biochemical features of pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi of culturable and reservoir fishes.

Method of dispatching diseased fish to laboratory; collection of morbid materials; isolation and identification of microbes from the diseased fish.

Associate Professors/ equivalent	:	Agnihotri, R. K., Katoch, R., Mittra, S.
Programme	:	M. V. Sc.
Fields of Specialization	:	Veterinary Parasitology
Core Courses	:	VPA 601, VPA 602, VPA 603, VPA 604

VPA 601 Veterinary Helminthology I 2+1

Modern classification of trematodes and cestodes; detailed consideration of the morphology - ultrastructure, intraspecies variations, lifecycle patterns; bionomics of intermediate host; pathogenesis, immunopathology, epidemiology, diagnosis serodiagnosis, treatment and control of the representative species of trematodes and cestodes of veterinary importance.

Study of slides and gross specimens of parasites for their morphological details; collection, fixation, preservation and staining of specimens of trematodes and cestodes; study of pathological changes in host tissues by histopathological examination; examination of faeces - qualitatively and quantitatively for trematode and cestode eggs; micrometry and use of camera lucida for measuring and drawing specimens.

Modern classification of nematodes and acanthocephalan; detailed consideration of morphology, life cycle patterns, bionomics of preparasitic stages as well as those of arthropod vectors; pathogenesis - immunopathology, epidemiology, diagnosis immunodiagnosis, treatment and control of representative species of related nematodes and acanthocephala of veterinary importance.

Morphological studies of specimens and slides of nematodes and acanthocephala and their developmental stages; collection, fixation and clearing of nematodes for their identification; histopathological examination by processing nematode infected tissues; qualitative and quantitative examination of faeces; maintenance of faecal cultures.

Classification of arthropods with detai!ed consideration of Insecta, Acarina and Pentastomida; morphological details; life cycle patterns; seasonal variations in distribution; bionomics; pathogenesis harm to the host, role played as vectors by different arthropods of veterinary importance; detailed consideration of measures (mechanical, chemical, biological, immunological and genetical) to control ectoparasites.

Study of specimens and slides of representative arthropods for their morphological details for identification; methods of collection, preservation and identification of arthropods; different methods of examination of skin scrapings for detection and identification of mangemites; processing of the mange/tick infested host tissues for histopathological examination.

Modern classification and taxonomy of protozoa; detailed morphology, ultrastructure; life cycle pattern; mode of transmission, pathogenesis - immunopathology, immunodiagnosis, treatment and control immunoprophylaxis of representative species of protozoa of veterinary importance.

Examination of representative slides of protozoa for identification based on their morphology; collection, fixation and preservation of material containing protozoan; preparation of faecal and blood smears, their fixation and staining for protozoa; qualitative and quantitative examinations of faeces for oocysts/sporocysts of coccidian; processing of the different infected host tissues for histopathological examination.

Detailed account of techniques used in processing faeces, blood, urine, sputum, nasal discharge and skin scrapings for diagnosis of parasitic infections/infestations in clinical cases or cases suspected for parasites; different techniques used for quantitative estimation of parasitic burden in infected animals using different methods; proper procedure for conducting post-mortem examination for parasitic infections and different methods used for recovery of live worms and larvae from tissues.

Study of clinical cases affected or suspected for parasitic infections; observation of clinical symptoms; gross and microscopic examination of secretions and excretions using different techniques; attending/conducting post-mortem examination for parasitic infections; collection and preservation of the parasitic infected tissues and their further processing.

Detailed consideration of protozoa, helminthes and arthropods infecting fowl, duck, goose, pigeon and quail, their structural details for identification; mode of transmission and life cycle patterns; pathogenicity and symptoms; different methods of diagnosis; line of treatment and measures of control.

Study of specimens and slides for morphological details of poultry parasites; collection, fixation, preservation and dispatch of the suspected material; examination of suspected material like faeces, blood, feathers using different techniques; conducting post-mortem examination of either naturally or experimentally infected birds; processing parasitic infected tissues for histopathological examination.

General principles of parasitic immunity; microbial immunity versus parasitic immunity; immunity mechanics in protozoa and helminthes; innate immunity and factors affecting it; acquired immunity and factors affecting it; types of immunity - humoral and cell mediated; host parasite relationship; evasion of host response by parasites; immunity against coccidian, Leishmania, Toxoplasma, Babesia, Fasciola, Theileria, Schistosoma, Cysticercus, Hydatid, Haemonchus, Dictyocaulus, Ascaris, ticks and mites to be used as model.

Preparation of different antigens from protozoa, helminthes and arthropods, their use in different serological and immunological tests in order to demonstrate humoral or cell mediated immunity; performance of different sero-diagnostic tests for their sensitivity and specificity

Definition and classification of zoonoses; components of zoonosis; interaction in producing the disease and its transmission; links in the transmission, chain of zoonotic diseases, other epidemiological considerations; important zoonotic diseases of protozoan, helminthes and arthropod origins.

VPA 615 Widlife Parasitology 1+1

Brief introduction to wild life of India; study of representative species of protozoa, helminthes and arthropods naturally occurring in wild mammals like carnivores, ruminants, rodents, lagomorphs, primate; etc. and in wild birds like game birds, raptorian birds, scavenging birds, water birds, etc; actual or potential role of these parasites in producing morbidity and mortality in them; role of wild animals as reservoir hosts for parasites of man and domestic animals; role of lower vertebrates like fish, frog, lizard, snake as intermediate/paratenic/transport host of parasites of man and domestic animals.

Examination of parasitic material like faeces, blood, etc. from live, captive wild animals; necropsy examination of the wild animals dying in zoo or killed by hunters; collection, fixation, staining and identification of parasites collected from the trapped wild animals (rat, mice, lizard, crow, vulture, etc.).

Professors/ equivalent	:	Singh, S. P.
Associate Professors/ equivalent	:	Asrani, R. K., Gupta, V. K.
Programme	:	M. V. Sc.
Fields of Specialization	:	Veterinary Pathology
Core Courses	:	VPP 601, VPP 602, VPP 603, VPP 604, VPP 605

Historical overview, causes of diseases; intrinsic and extrinsic, genetic basis of disease, disturbances of circulation, cell metabolism and growth, shock; fever, necrosis, gangrene, inflammation, healing, concretions and calculi, molecular basis of pathology, ultrastructural pathology, hypersensitivity reactions and post‑mortem changes.

Identification of gross and microscopic pathological lesions/changes and interpretation of the above‑mentioned alterations.

Necropsy procedures for different species of animals, museum techniques; basic and special histo-pathological techniques; identification, interpretation and recording of histopathological lesions of various diseased conditions; writing of postmortem reports; micrometry, light, fluorescent and dark-field microscopy; collection and preservation of morbid material for disease diagnosis and forensic lab.

Pathology of digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular and hemopoietic systems including functional and anatomical defects; digestive system ‑ diseases of mouth, pharynx, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, gall bladder and pancreas; respiratory system, diseases of nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi lungs and pleura; cardiovascular system - diseases of heart, arteries and veins; hemopoietic system ‑ diseases of lymph node, lymphatic, spleen, bone‑marrow and blood.

Gross and microscopic examination of lesions of various pathological conditions of above systems.

Pathology of nervous, urinary, genital, endocrine, musculoskeletal, special sensory and integumentary systems including functional and anatomical defects; nervous system - diseases of brain, spinal cord, meninges, and peripheral nerves; urinary system ‑ diseases of kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra; genital system ‑ diseases of male and female genital organs, accessory sex glands and mammary glands; endocrine system ‑ diseases of adrenal, thyroid, thymus, pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas, etc.; diseases of eye, ear, skin, hoof, nail, horn, etc.; diseases of muscles, bones and ligaments.

Gross and microscopic examination of lesions of various pathological conditions of above systems.

Examination and interpretation of blood, urine, milk, skin scrapings, faeces, exudate, transudate, cerebrospinal fluid and bone marrow in different diseases; biopsy and exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of various animal diseases; examination of various body fluids for biochemical pathology.

Pathology of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia and spirochetes.

Study of gross and microscopic changes in the tissues produced by above mentioned pathogens and histopathological techniques in the diagnosis.

Pathology of diseases caused by fungi including mycotoxicosis, protozoa, helminthes and arthropods.

Study of gross and microscopic lesions due to above agents and histopathological techniques in the diagnosis of such diseases.

Pathology of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, chlamydia and fungi including mycotoxicosis, parasitic infestation, nutritional disorders, poisoning/ toxicity; management practices and miscellaneous factors in domestic fowl, turkey, ducks and zoo / wild birds.

Study of gross and microscopic pathology of various diseases of poultry and other birds.

Study of the pathogenesis and pathology of diseases due to excess, deficiency and disturbance in metabolism of minerals, proteins, lipids, amino acids and vitamins.

Study of pathologic effects of ionizing radiations, environmental pollutants, snake venom, chemicals /drugs, poisonous plants, pesticides/insecticides and metabolic poisons.

Study of the etiology, pathogenesis. pathology and diagnosis of various infectious and non‑infectious diseases of rabbits and common diseases of other lab animals.

To study the pathology of various diseases of rabbits and other laboratory animals with particular emphasis on their diagnosis.

Study of the etiology, pathogenesis, pathology and diagnosis of various infectious and non‑infectious diseases of sheep and goats.

To study the pathology of various diseases of sheep and goats with particular emphasis on their diagnosis.

Study of the pathology and diagnosis of various infectious and non‑infectious diseases of fish.

Study of the pathology and diagnosis of various infectious and non‑infectious diseases of bovines.

Study of the pathology and diagnosis of various infectious and non‑infectious diseases of equines.

Study of the pathology and diagnosis of various infectious and non‑infectious diseases of canine and feline.

Practice on identification and diagnosis of various diseases of canine and feline.

Study of the pathology and diagnosis of various infectious and non‑infectious diseases of swine.

Study of the pathology of various infectious and non‑infectious diseases of zoo and wild animals.

Practice on identification and diagnosis of various diseases of zoo and wild animals.

Introduction of immune system, immune recognition, T‑Cell mediated immunity, B-cell mediated immunity; phagocyte cellular defense mechanisms; role of NK cell and lymphokines in immune mechanisms; antigen processing and presentation; inflammation and cell migration; tumor immunity; autoimmune diseases; hypersensitivity and transplant reactions.

Practice on immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, cell mediated immunity and other immunological / immunopathological techniques.

General considerations, nature of neoplasm, classification of tumors, causes, pathogenesis and spread of neoplasm, systemic effect of neoplasm and tumor immunity, epidemiological behavior of tumors in animals, pathology of various tumors as observed in animals.

Gross, microscopic examination and diagnosis of various types of neoplasm in animals.

Professors/ equivalent	:	Varshneya, C.
Assistant Professors/ equivalent	:	Telang, R. S.
Programme	:	M. V. Sc.
Fields of Specialization	:	Veterinary Pharmacology, Toxicology
Core Courses	:	VPT 601, VPT 602, VPT 611, VPT 612, VPT 631

History and scope of pharmacology; physico-chemical factors in the transfer of drugs across membranes; absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion of drugs; action of drugs at cellular and molecular level; receptor theory, ionic theory, drug actions on enzyme systems; characterization of drug effects, factors affecting action and kinetic behaviour of drugs, pharmacokinetic models; calculation of pharmacokinetic determinants and their significance; drug dependants and related conditions.

Effect of drugs on behavioral profile of animals; dose response relationship; competitive and non-competitive drug antagonism; pA₂, pA_x, pD₂ and pD’₂ values; pharmacological screening of drugs; evaluation of toxicants and specialized toxicity tests.

History; principles of chemotherapy, pharmacological, therapeutic and toxicological considerations in the selection of antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anthelminthic, antiprotozoan, ectoparasiticidal and anti-neoplastic agents; interaction of antibiotics with different drugs; development of drug resistance in pathogenesis.

Assaying of chemotherapeutic agents; interaction of antibiotics, study of kinetics and bioavailability of important chemotherapeutic agents.

Scope of clinical pharmacology; clinical significance of drug levels in body fluids and tissues; pathophysiologic and pharmacologic consideration in drug administration; recognition and revaluation of effects of drug administration; adverse drug reactions, drug interactions; drug abuse; therapeutic decision making.

Interpretation of blood and tissue levels of drugs; evaluation of drug interactions.

Historical background of ITK practices; need and future perspectives of drugs from plant sources; problems confronted in development of herbal drugs; chemical constituents of medicinal plants and their classification; pharmacological and toxicological evaluation of plant-based products; pharmacotherapeutics of important herbal medicaments.

Introduction to the concept of water and electrolyte metabolism, diuretics - their mechanisms of action and therapeutics; anti-diuretic drugs and hormones; fluid therapy; renal angiotensin system; inhibitors of tubular transport; drugs used in treatment of shock; correlation of action of drugs on conduction, action potential and contraction with cellular metabolism and energy transfer in heart muscles; pharmacotherapeutics of cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives, anti-coagulants, thrombolytic and antiplatelet drugs; coagulants; haematopoietic drugs; drugs used in treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemias.

Effects of diuretics on Glomerular Filtration Rate, volume and composition of body fluid; to study effect of drugs on ECG, isolated and intact heart preparations and blood vessels.

Functions of gastrointestinal system in ruminants and non ruminants; appetite stimulants; emetics and antiemetics; antiulcer drugs; modulators of gastric motility; modulators of intestinal motility and secretions; gastrointestinal protectants and adsorbents; laxatives and cathartics; agents promoting digestive functions; drugs affecting liver; rumen pharmacology; introduction to respiratory physiology; pathogenesis of inflammatory respiratory diseases; bronchodilators and antiinflammatories; antitussives; mucolytics; expectorants; decongestants; drugs used in the treatment of asthma; role of autacoids in immunologically mediated respiratory disorders.

Pharmacological evaluations of cathartics, ruminotorics antemetics, autacoids, expectorants; effect of drugs on gastrointestinal smooth muscles; effect of drugs on intact and isolated respiratory tissues.

General introduction to anatomy and physiology of reproductive and endocrine system of farm animals; pharmacology of drugs affecting endocrine functions; oral hypoglycaemic agents; miscellaneous hormones; drugs affecting uterine motility; pharmacological study of drugs, hormones and autacoids affecting ovulation, oestrus, conception, gestation, lactation and spermatogenesis; contraceptives and teratogens.

Introduction to anatomy and physiology of CNS; chemical modulation of central synaptic transmission; pharmacological interventions in spinal cord, reticular formation, sensory/motor cortex and mid brain.

Evaluation of analgesic, general anaesthetics, neuroleptics, anticonvulsants, etc. using isolated and intact preparations.

Introduction to anatomy and physiology of ANS; review of drugs that mimic or inhibit the actions of autonomic neurotransmitters with emphasis on biochemical and cellular analysis of autonomic drug action.

Study of pharmacodynamics of prototype drugs using isolated and intact preparations.

History and scope of toxicology; principles of toxicology; classification and mechanism of action of poisons; absorption, distribution and excretion of poisons and their metabolites; factors influencing toxicity; pathophysiological effects; toxicodynamics of important pesticides, warfare chemicals, heavy metals, trace elements and their salts, plastics, biomaterials; animals, plant and their microbial toxins; chemical carcinogens and teratogens.

Collection of material for toxicological investigations; qualitative and quantitative analysis of common poison in suspected material.

Associate Professors/ equivalent	:	Kumar, R., Sharma, K. B.
Programme	:	M. V. Sc.
Fields of Specialization	:	Reproductive Physiology, Cardiovascular Physiology, Digestive Physiology
Core Courses	:	VPY 601, VPY 611, VPY 621, VPY 651

Comparative aspects of digestive physiology; process of digestion and absorption; regulation and functions of pancreatic, bile, salivary, gastric and intestinal secretions in monogastric, ruminants and birds; rumen digestion and its physiological importance; absorption of digestion products of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water; manipulation of ruminal flora; use of various techniques to improve feed utilization and bioavailability.

Effect of saliva, digestive enzymes and bile on various substrates; secretion of gastric and pancreatic juice; liver function test; TVFA in rumen liquor; recording of movements of rumen and intestines.

Physiology of male and female reproductive systems; general concepts and mechanism of action of hormones, their classification, release and regulatory mechanisms; role in regulation of metabolism, growth and reproduction of domestic animals mating behaviour, fertilization, gestation and parturition.

Study of male and female reproductive organs; sexual behavior; estrus and its detection, parturition.

Mammary glands development and its control; biosynthesis of milk constituents and physiology of milk secretion; endocrinological aspect of mammary gland, development and milk secretion; factors affecting milk yield and milk composition in domestic animals; use of biotechnological tools for induction of lactation.

Pattern of cellular, prenatal and post natal growth; physiological status of young ones at birth; principles and methods of growth measurements; growth pattern in different species of domestic animals; study of factors affecting live weight and body growth.

Origin and propagation of heart beat; electrophysiology of heart; events of cardiac cycle; cardiac output; venous pressure; their nervous and chemical regulation; heart sounds and murmurs; electrocardiography and cardiac arrhythmia; physiology of hemopoiesis; functional aspects of plasma and other formed elements of blood; coagulation and fibrinolysis; blood groups and hemoglobin polymorphism; respiratory mechanism; gas transport and regulation of respiration.

Determination of cardiac output; blood volume; blood pressure; electrocardiogram and lung volumes; study of normal hemogram; blood coagulation and fibrinolysis; erythrocytes fragility test and electrophoretic separation of hemoglobin.

Total body water and its compartmentation, special fluid system of body; electrolytes; acid-base balance and homeostasis; physiological functions of kidney and mechanism of urine formation; osmoregulation; artificial kidney; physiology of sweat gland and sebaceous glands.

Kidney function test; determination of O₂ and CO₂ contents of body fluids; estimation of alkali reserves of plasma; osmolarity of body fluids.

Muscle cell; neuromuscular junction; action potential; physiology of smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles; chemical changes and energetics of muscle contraction, physical and chemical factors affecting it; comparative physiology of smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles, movement of joints; organization of nervous system; neurotransmitters and their receptors; spinal chord and their reflexes; autonomic nervous system and special senses.

Preparation of spinal and decerebarate animals; electromyogram; electro- encephalogram; tetany; movements of smooth muscles and effect of drugs on muscle contraction; conduction velocity of different nerves.

Role of minerals and vitamins in animals health; essential and non-essential minerals and vitamins and their functions; metelloenzyme and their role in cellular functions; bioavailability; metabolism and interactions; minerals and vitamin reserves of the body; factors affecting minerals concentration in body fluids and tissues.

Estimation of mineral elements and metalloenzymes in body fluids/tissues/forages; estimation of certain vitamins in body fluids/tissues.

Principles of environmental physiology; climatic variables and their importance in relation to animal production; acclimatization; adaptation; habituation; learning and conditioning; thermoregulation and body homeothermy; thermoneutral zones for various species of livestock; heat tolerance tests; effect of environment on physiological responses and body composition; biological rhythms; role of sweat glands in thermoregulation.

Measurement of various climatic elements; effects of climatic elements on physiological responses and body composition; study of heat tolerance test; determination of sweating rate.

Comparative physiological aspects of digestive and cardiovascular system; male and female reproductive system of domestic fowl, duck, turkey, etc.; absorption and metabolism of various metabolites; physiology of respiration in different avian species; mineral requirements and metabolism.

Hematological and biochemical estimations of avian blood; recording of pulse rate; respiration rate and blood pressure in birds; semen collection and artificial insemination.

Interrelationship of carbohydrates, fats and protein metabolism, blood glucose and its regulation; disorders of carbohydrate metabolism; ketogenesis and ketosis; normal and disturbed lipid metabolism; serum proteins; interpretation of serum proteins profile; clinical immunology; immune response; basic clinical enzymology and enzymes of diagnostic importance; liver function tests; kidney function tests; clinical endocrinology; minerals and vitamins.

Special analytical techniques and quantification of biochemical parameters; measurements of blood plasma volume and blood volume; estimation of various important minerals and vitamins; liver and kidney function tests; estimation of enzymes of clinical importance.

Collection techniques of biological fluids and their preparation and processing for various parameters; recording of ECG, blood pressure, respiratory volumes, GFR, gastric secretions; kymographic recording of muscle activity and factors affecting them; handling of laboratory animals.

Physiological functions of the animal system; physiology of respiratory and cardiovascular systems; comparative aspects of cellular and biochemical composition of blood in different livestock species; circulation of blood; coagulation process and blood grouping; comparative aspects of monogastric and ruminant digestion; renal physiology; electrolyte and acid-base regulation; thermoregulation and behavior adaptations; general functions of nervous system; basic features of endocrinology; male and female reproduction and lactation process.

Hematological and biochemical analysis of blood and their practical significance; recording of physiological functions such as pulse rate, heart rate and blood pressure, electrocardiography, respiratory volume, muscle contraction, rumen movements, etc.

Associate Professors/ equivalent

Panda, A. K.

Assistant Professors/ equivalent

Khurana, S. K.

Programme

Minor and Supporting

Concept, scope, and objectives of epidemiology, interaction of agents, host and environmental factors governing health and diseases in community/herd, epidemiological methods; biostatistics; natural data, storage and retrieval; zoonoses, its concept and classification; epidemiology of various zoonotic diseases with particular reference to diseases prevalent in India.

Principles of general hygiene in prevention of diseases, factors affecting the spread of diseases such as air pollution, soil pollution, water pollution, and radiation hazards; animal wastes, animal excreta, household waste, garbage waste as potential health hazards; dissemination of excreted pathogen and their control.

Principles of food inspection; concept of food hygiene; impact of environmental sanitation on foods of animal origin; microbiological standards and quality control; biological and other indicators of hygienic quality of foods to prevent food borne spoilage by other methods; methods and problems of food inspection in India.

Study of biological and other indicators to determine microbiological quality, microbial toxin of raw and processed foods especially of animal origin.

Professors/ equivalent	:	Varshney, A. C.
Associate Professors/ equivalent	:	Kanwar, M. S., Sharma, S. K.
Assistant Professors/ equivalent	:	Kumar, A., Tyagi, S. P.
Programmes	:	M. V. Sc., Ph. D.
Fields of Specialization	:	Veterinary Surgery, Veterinary Anaesthesiology, Veterinary Radiology, Veterinary Orthopaedics
Core Courses	:	M. V. Sc.: VSR 601, VSR 611, VSR 622, VSR 631, VSR 641 Ph. D.: VSR 701, VSR 731

Principles of operative surgery; aspects in surgery and surgical infection; current concepts of inflammation; pathophysiology of trauma; consideration in pre-, intra- and post-operative care; acid-base balances, surgical stress and shock; healing and management of wounds and thermal injuries; metabolism and concept of fluid therapy in surgical patients; general approaches to tumours and allied conditions; tissue therapy.

Use of various surgical instruments and equipment; aseptic practices in surgical manoeuvers; evaluation and treatment of patient under surgical stress and shock; preparation of patients, surgeon and surgical pack; evaluation of sutures materials and suture patterns; blood collection and transfusion fluid and electrolyte therapy in surgical patients.

Surgical anatomy and examination of eye, anaesthesia for occular surgery; congenital and acquired affections of eyelid, lacrimal apparatus, orbit and its contents, cornea, conjunctiva, iris and lens, glaucoma; occular emergencies and their management, surgical management of affection of ear, tooth, sinuses, nasal and buccal cavity, pharynx and larynx, diseases of guttural pouch in horse.

Instrumentation, examination of fundus lens and cornea; ophthalmoscopy and tonometery; surgical management of congenital and acquired affections of eye; experimental transplantation of cornea, trephining and drainage of frontal sinuses; operation for torticollis brain abscesses; cysts; guttural pouch, otitis, tracheotomy, oesophagotomy, extraction of tooth.

VSR 603 Abdominal Surgery 2+1

Surgical affection of abdominal wall and organs - their diagnosis and treatment of small and large animals, congenital and acquired abnormalities of urinary system, their pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatments; uraemia and its management, general principles of teat and udder surgery, congenital abnormalities of teat and teat obstruction, gangrene of udder and teat; open teat sinus surgery.

Abdominocentesis and examination of peritoneal fluid; various surgical approaches to abdomen; operation for traumatic reticulitis, abomasal displacement, omasal impaction, hernia, intestinal obstruction, surgical management of urinary caliculi and bladder rupture, spleenectomy, partial nephrectomy and hepatic lobectomy, surgical treatment of teat affection; open teat sinus surgery.

Surgical intervention in various congenital and acquired affections of thoracic cavity and its contents, viz., lung, pleura, trachea, bronchi, mediastinal lymph node, thoracic wall and diaphragm; trans thoracic oesophagotomy and diaphragmatic hernia, diseases of heart and great vessels, viz., aneurysm, vascular necrosis, heart block and coronary occlusion, pericarditis, endocarditis and open heart surgery, electrocardiography, diseases of oesophagus and trachea.

Exploratory thoracotomy, rib resection, lobectomy; transthoracic oesophagotomy; repair of diaphragmatic hernia; electrocardiography of clinical cases (recording and interpretation); arteriotomy and phlebotomy; vascular shunts; anastomosis of vessels and cannulization of blood vessels, tracheotomy, oesophagotomy.

Basic principles of restraining the wild animals, methods of physical and chemical restraining; monitoring of anaesthesia, shock, pathophysiology and therapeutics; common physical injuries and dental problems; surgical affections of musculoskeletal, digestive, urogenital system, elective surgical procedures, common radiological procedures.

Visit to zoological parks; familiarization with capture equipment; methods of restraining; acquaintance with common surgical procedures.

Relationship between conformation of the limb, foot and its axis; surgical anatomy of hoof, lameness and allied surgical conditions of the fore and hind limbs and foot.

Examination for lameness, nerve blocks; intraarticular injections; tenotomy; hoof surgery and corrective shoeing

Principles and practices of anaesthesia and surgery; experimental surgical procedures commonly employed in research; biopsy instruments techniques and applications.

Preparation of experimental animals for surgery, practice of anaesthesia and aseptic techniques; spleenectomy, hepatectomy and glandular extirpation; creation of various fistulae; cannulation and catheterization of vessel and ducts, exteriorisation of vessels and ducts and organs, familiarization with biopsy instruments; biopsy of kidneys, liver, mammary gland, skin, uterine mucosa, bone marrow and neoplasms.

VSR 608 Experimental Surgery 1+1

General considerations, selection and protocols for designing experiments; care, feeding and management of experimental animals; gnotobiotic surgical techniques, special surgical procedure for experimentation organs such as stomach, intestine, salivary duct/gland, pancreas, liver, kidney, urinary bladder, trachea, lung, skin, bone and endocrine glands and their effects on the body, cannulation of various blood vessels and lymphatics; fistulation techniques; experimental production of peritonitis and ascites; transplantation of organs and use of prosthetic material.

Practical

Experimental production of diseases and study of their effects; cannulation of blood vessels, bile ducts; salivary fistula, subcutaneous relocation of carotid artery, gastric, intestinal, rumen fistulae, faecal, urine collection; organ transplantation, bone grafting; experimental production of shock, peritonitis, and ascites.

Principles of small and large animal anaesthesia; anaesthetic equipment and instrumentation; cardiovascular and respiratory system in relation to anaesthesia; consideration in regional and general anaesthesia; preanaesthetics; muscle relaxants, inhalation anaesthesia, intravenous and electronarcosis; patients monitoring, balanced anaesthesia; dissociative anaesthesia, paediatrics and geriatric anaesthesia; hypothermia, acid-base balance in relation to anaesthesia; management of anaesthetic accident and emergencies; introduction to acupuncture.

Instrumentation; use of various preanaesthetic and anaesthetics, etc. in small and large animals; artificial respiration and positive pressure ventilation; practice of local and regional analgesia; experimental models for evaluation of anaesthetics.

Scope and limitation of Radiographic in veterinary practices; principles of X-ray production; radiographic positioning, dark room processing and principles of radiographic interpretation, different contrast media and their use.

X-ray machine and its working; radiographic accessories, dark room procedures; positioning of various parts of the body for radiographic, interpretation of radiographs; contrast radiographic techniques.

Instrumentation, X-ray machine; formulation of radiographic techniques charts; general principles of radiology; radiation hazards and their safety; special diagnostic radiographic techniques; side effects of contrast media; radiographic interpretation diathermy.

Handling of X-ray machine; dark room techniques; radiographic positioning; formulation of techniques chart of fixed kVp and variable mAs radiographic interpretation; use of common contrast techniques, viz., angiography, cardiac catheterization, pyelography, cystography, etc.

VSR 631 Orthopaedic Surgery 2+1

Study of fracture and dislocation; factors affecting fracture healing, implication and their treatments; various immobilization techniques for fracture repairs in small and large animals; diseases of bones, joints and muscles, nerves and tendons, their diagnosis and treatment.

Practical

Practice of internal and external fixation for fractures and dislocation; arthrocentesis, arthrodesis and total joint replacement; surgical management of joints disease, repair of nerve and tendon.

Attending veterinary clinics daily for two hours and to impart practical training in respect of diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management and treatment of various surgical conditions.

VSR 701 Advances in Abdominal and Pelvic Surgery 2+1

Surgical significance of abdomen and pelvic regions; surgical affections and pathogenesis of abdominal wall and peritoneum, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, stomach (in small animals), small and large intestine, liver, gall bladder, spleen, urinary system, male and female genital system, teat and udder, etc.; congenital abnormalities; gastric/abomasal ulcers; dilatation and torsion of stomach; neoplasms, hernia and method of herniorraphy; paralytic ileus; uraemia and peritoneal dialysis.

Approach to abdominal and pelvic organs through different laparotomy incisions, operations on stomach, rumen, abomasum, omasum, intestine, gall bladder, spleen, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, uterus, teat, etc.; operations for traumatic reticulitis; cholecystotomy/cholecystectomy in dog; biopsy from liver and testicle; urethrotomy from various sites, making teaser bull, amputation of penis; abomasal displacement; episiotomy; rupture of urinary bladder.

Surgical anatomy and physiology of nervous system with special reference to brain and spinal cord in domestic animals; surgical affections of central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system, nerve injuries and their repair; visualization of different ventricles of brain for surgery in small animals, electroencephalography.

Surgical approach to brain and spinal cord; surgery of nerve; hypophysectomy and removal of brain tumours; surgery of fractures and dislocation of vertebral and inter vertebral herniation; recording and interpretation of encephalography, examination of CSF.

VSR 703 Ophthalmic Surgery 1+1

Surgical anatomy and physiology of eye; anatomy of visual pathway; ophthalmic examination and diagnostic procedures; conjunctivitis; keratitits; anaesthesia for occular surgery; diseases of lacrimal and nasolacrimal systems; glaucoma, diseases of lens; cataract; diseases of retina; neuro-ophthalmology; occular manifestations of systemic diseases; occular neoplasms.

Direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy and other ophthalmic examination and diagnostic procedures, keratoplasty; anterior chamber paracentesis, nasolacrimal flush, vitreous paracentesis, operation for cataract, lendectomy techniques.

Recent advances in anaesthesiology and choice of anaesthesia for small and large animal surgery, instrumentation and monitoring principles, lectrocardiography, echocardiography and electroencephalography, modern local and general anaesthetics, their mode of action and pharmacokinetics; techniques of local, regional and nerve blocks in differential diagnosis; tranquility and hallucinogenicity, balanced anaesthetic techniques, zoo and wild animal anaesthesia, anaesthesia for special surgical procedures, electronarcosis; hypothermia and acupuncture; acid-base balance and shock, role of adrenal physiology in relation to intra venous anaesthetics, anaesthetic toxicity and complication, management and prevention of anaesthetic accidents.

Anaesthetic equipments and monitoring of anaesthesia; regional analgesic techniques, perineural nerve block; balanced anaesthetic techniques; use of defibrillator and respirator, resuscitating techniques, incubation techniques; CVP and blood pressure measurement; electrocardiography; various procedure for catheterization of heart and great vessels, electroencephalography evaluation of CNS activity, hypothermia.

Principles and recent advances in diagnostic radiological techniques in large and small animals; contrast radiography of various body systems, radiographic features of diseases of soft and hard tissues, their correlation with body structure, clinico pathological changes, principles of radiation therapy; therapeutic uses of X-ray, beta and gamma rays; dosimetery; biological effects of radiation, ultrasonography; computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging techniques.

Radiographic diagnosis of the disorders of bone, joints, gastro intestinal tract, urogenital tract, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders in small and large animals; contrast radiographic procedures such as angiography, intravenous pyelography, urography, bronchography, angiocardiography, cholecystography, myelography, lymphangiography and other advanced contrast procedures.

Bone structure and functions, surgical affections of bones and vertebral column with particular reference to fracture and dislocation; techniques of fracture reduction and immobilization in small and large animals; transplantation of bone and use of prosthetics, physiotherapy and rehabilitation of orthopaedics patients, affections of tendon, ligaments joint and muscle.

Fracture immobilization; healing studies, complications and their management in fracture repair; hip dislocation; physiotherapy and rehabilitation of orthopaedic patients; bone transplantation; use of prosthetics.

VSR 741 Advanced Clinical Practice in Surgery and Radiology 0+2

Diagnosis, anaesthetic and surgical management of patient suffering from various surgical diseases, their post-operative management including intensive care; application of innovative surgical techniques and diagnostic procedures.

ABG 601 Principles of Animal Breeding 2+1

Practical

ABG 715 Advanced Cell Biology and Genetics 2+0

Animal Nutrition

VGO 601, VGO 602, VGO 604, VGO 631

VOG 601 General Gynaecology 2+1

VAN 701 Neuro Anatomy 2+1

VAN 702 Anatomy of Sense Organs 1+1

VAN 703 Advances in Anatomy of Ruminant Digestive System 2+1

VAN 704 Advances in Anatomy of Cardiovascular & Respiratory System 2+1

VAN 711 Advances in Anatomy of Endocrine Organs 1+1

VAN 712 Advances in Anatomy of Reproductive Organs (Male & Female) 2+1

VAN 721 Anatomy of Ageing Tissues 1+1

VAN 731 Experimental Embryology and Teratology 1+1

VAN 732 Electron Microscopic Techniques 1+1

VAN 733 Techniques in High Resolution Microscopy 1+1

VAN 734 Tissue Culture Techniques 1+1

VAN 735 Anatomic and Genetic Aspects of Reproductive Failure 2+1

VAN 791 Ph. D. Seminar 1+0

VAN 792 Special Problem in Ph. D. 0+1

VMC 601 General Bacteriology 2+1

VPA 601 Veterinary Helminthology I 2+1

VPA 615 Widlife Parasitology 1+1

VSR 603 Abdominal Surgery 2+1

VSR 608 Experimental Surgery 1+1

Practical

VSR 631 Orthopaedic Surgery 2+1

Practical

VSR 701 Advances in Abdominal and Pelvic Surgery 2+1

VSR 703 Ophthalmic Surgery 1+1

VSR 741 Advanced Clinical Practice in Surgery and Radiology 0+2